Power system protection: layout of substations, requirements and elements of protection systems, relays. Directional and non-directional over current and earth fault feeder protection. Differential protection as applied to feeders. Principles of distance protection. Economic operation of power systems, classical economic dispatch, the transmission loss equation, , automatic generation control. Power system stability: rotor dynamics and the swing equation, the power angle equation, synchronizing power coefficient, equal-area criterion of stability, introduction to multi-machine stability studies