Basic relay types and characteristics, instrument transformer (effect of dc component, estimation of CT performance), coupling capacitor voltage transformer, generator protection ( stator ground fault, over-speed, loss of excitation, generator motoring, inadvertent energization), motor protection (phase rotation, negative sequence, phase unbalance, load loss, out-of-step, loss of excitation), differential protection of generator-transformer units, reactor protection, shunt capacitor bank protection, station-bus protection, line protection, system stability and out-of-step relaying, reclosing and synchronizing, load shedding and frequency relaying